[Federal Register: September 16, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 179)]
[Notices]
[Page 48613-48628]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr16se97-67]
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COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION
Strategic Plan
AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
ACTION: Request for comments.
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SUMMARY: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission, in accordance with
the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act, has
developed a draft Strategic Plan which was submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget on August 15, 1997. The Commission is now
soliciting comments on the draft plan.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before October 16, 1997.
ADDRESS: Comments on the strategic plan may be sent to Jean A. Webb,
Secretary, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette
Centre, 1155 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20581. Comments may be
sent by facsimile transmission to (202) 518-5528 or by electronic mail
to [email protected]. Reference should be made to ``Strategic Plan.''
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Madge A. Bolinger, Office of Financial
Management, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette
Centre, 1155 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20581 (202) 418-5180.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Government Performance and Results Act,
5 U.S.C. 306 (``GPRA''), requires all agencies to develop and submit
strategic plans to the Congress and the Office of Management and Budget
no later than September 30, 1997. The Commission has developed its
plan, ``Vision and Strategies for the Future: Facing the Challenges of
1997 through 2002,'' which establishes the goals, outcome objectives
and strategies for the next five years. Public comment is now being
sought on the strategic plan.
The Commission's draft Strategic Plan is set forth below.
Issued in Washington, DC, on September 8, 1997, by the
Commission.
Jean A. Webb,
Secretary to the Commission.
Vision and Strategies for the Future: Facing the Challenges of 1997
Through 2002
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Strategic Plan 1997-2002
August 1997
Draft
Table of Contents
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Economic Benefits of Futures Trading
Profile of Market Users
Current Perspective on the Industry
U.S. Commodity Exchanges
Map of CFTC-Regulated Commodity Exchanges
Number of Registered Commodities Professionals
Number of Contract Markets
Volume of Trading
Managed Funds
Strategic Goals & Objectives
Goal One--The Marketplace
Goal Two--The Market Users
Goal Three--The Environment
Summaries of Outcome Objectives & Activities
Achieving the Goals: Strategies to Mission Performance--1997-2002
The Environment
The Strategies
Achieving the Goals: External Challenges--1997-2002.
The Challenges
The Strategies
Achieving the Goals: Internal Challenges--1997-2002.
The Challenges
The Strategies
Achieving and Measuring Performance
Achieving Performance
Measuring Performance: The Annual Performance Plan
Relating General Goals and Objectives to Performance Goals and
Program Evaluation.
Appendix
Understanding the Fundamental of Commodity Futures and Options
Addresses of the Commodity Exchanges & Designated Self-
Regulatory Organizations
CFTC Offices.
CFTC Team
Commission Concurrence
Publications and Information
Vision Statement
For the years 1997 through 2002, the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission will:
Preserve and promote the vital role America's commodity markets
play in establishing fair prices for goods and services and managing
the risks of their production, marketing, and distribution in the world
economy.
Mission Statement
The mission of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is
to protect market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and
abusive practices related to the sale of commodity futures and options,
and to foster open, competitive, and financially sound commodity
futures and option markets.
Background
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission was created by Congress in
1974 as an independent agency with the mandate to regulate commodity
futures and option markets in the United States. The agency's mandate
was renewed and expanded in 1978, 1982, 1986, 1992, and 1995.
Today, the CFTC is responsible for ensuring the economic utility of
futures markets by encouraging their competitiveness and efficiency,
ensuring their integrity, and protecting market participants against
manipulation, abusive trade practices, and fraud. Through effective
oversight regulation, the CFTC enables the commodity futures markets
better to serve their important function in the nation's economy of
providing a mechanism for price discovery and a means of offsetting
price risk.
Futures contracts for agricultural commodities have been traded in
the U.S. for 150 years and have been under federal regulation since the
1920s. In recent years, futures trading has expanded rapidly into many
new markets, beyond the domain of
[[Page 48614]]
traditional physical and agricultural commodities. Futures and option
contracts are now offered in a vast array of financial instruments,
including foreign currencies, U.S. and foreign government securities,
and U.S. and foreign stock indices.
Economic Benefits of Futures Trading
Why Were Futures Markets Created?
The frantic shouting and signaling of bids and offers on the
trading floor of a futures exchange undeniably convey an impression of
chaos. The reality, however, is that chaos is what futures markets
replaced. Prior to the establishment of central grain markets in the
mid-nineteenth century, the nation's farmers carted their newly
harvested crops over plank roads to major population and transportation
centers each fall in search of buyers. The seasonal glut drove prices
to give-away levels and, indeed, to throw-away levels as grain often
rotted in the streets or was dumped in rivers and lakes for lack of
storage. Come spring, shortages frequently developed and foods made
from corn and wheat became barely affordable luxuries. Through the
year, it was each buyer and seller for him- or herself, with neither a
place nor a mechanism for organized, competitive bidding. The first
central markets were formed to meet that need. Eventually, contracts
were entered into for forward as well as for spot (immediate) delivery.
So-called forwards were the forerunners of present day futures
contracts.
Spurred by the need to manage price and interest rate risks that
exist in virtually every type of modern business, today's futures
markets have also become major financial markets. Participants include
mortgage bankers as well as farmers, bond dealers as well as grain
merchants, and multinational corporations as well as food processors,
lending institutions, and individual speculators.
Futures prices arrived at through competitive bidding are
immediately and continuously relayed around the world by wire and
satellite. A farmer in Nebraska, a merchant in Amsterdam, an importer
in Tokyo, and a speculator in Ohio have simultaneous access to the
latest market-derived price quotations. And, should they choose, they
can establish a price level for future delivery--or for speculative
purposes--simply by having their broker buy or sell the appropriate
contracts. Images created by the fast-paced activity of the trading
floor notwithstanding, regulated futures markets are a keystone of one
of the world's most orderly, envied, and intensely competitive
marketing systems.
Indeed, it is an example of a classical free market with many
buyers and sellers, no one of whom has dominant market power, achieving
an equilibrium price level through open exchange of supply and demand
information.
Economic Benefits
In a competitive market economy, there is general agreement among
economists that a market for a product would be perfectly competitive
if:
<bullet> many buyers and sellers met openly, and no one
individually controlled the market;
<bullet> the commodity was standardized so all knew the grade and
quality of the product being traded; and
<bullet> buyers and sellers could enter the market freely, and
participants had full knowledge of available supply and demand for
their product.
While no market meets that ideal, futures markets come closer to it
than most others and yield significant economic benefits:
<bullet> Price Discovery. With many potential buyers and sellers
competing freely, futures trading is a very efficient means of
determining the price level for a commodity. This is commonly referred
to as price discovery.
<bullet> Hedging Risk. Futures markets give producers, processors,
and users of commodities and financial instruments a means of passing
the price risks inherent in their businesses to traders who are willing
to assume those risks. In other words, commercial users of the markets
can hedge--enter into an equal and opposite transaction to their cash
market position in order to reduce the risk of financial loss due to a
change in price--and, through hedging, lower their costs of doing
business. This results in a more efficient marketing system and,
ultimately, lower costs for consumers.
<bullet> Market Information. Since futures markets are national and
worldwide in scope, they act as a focal point for the collection and
dissemination of statistics and vital market information.
Profile of Market Users
Hedgers
The details of hedging can be somewhat complex, but the principle
is simple. Hedgers are individuals and firms which make purchases and
sales in the futures market solely for the purpose of establishing a
known price level for something they later intend to buy or sell in the
cash market (such as at a grain elevator or in the bond market). In
this way, they attempt to protect themselves against the risk of an
unfavorable price change in the interim. Or hedgers may use futures to
lock in an acceptable differential between their purchase cost and
their selling price.
The number and variety of hedging possibilities are extensive. A
cattle feeder can hedge against a decline in livestock prices, and a
meat packer or supermarket chain can hedge against an increase in
livestock prices. Borrowers can hedge against higher interest rates,
and lenders against lower interest rates. Investors can hedge against
an overall decline in stock prices, and those who anticipate having
money to invest can hedge against an increase in the overall level of
stock prices.
Whatever their hedging strategy, a common denominator is that
hedgers willingly give up the opportunity to benefit from favorable
price changes in order to achieve protection against unfavorable price
changes. In essence, they acquire a form of price insurance.
Speculators
If you were to speculate in futures contracts, the person taking
the opposite side of your trade on any given occasion could be a hedger
or another speculator-someone whose opinion about the probable
direction of prices differs from your own.
Speculators are individuals or firms who seek to profit from
anticipated increases or decreases in futures prices. In so doing, they
help provide the risk capital needed to facilitate hedging.
Someone who expects a futures price to increase would purchase
futures contracts in the hope of later being able to sell them at a
higher price. This is known as ``going long.'' Conversely, someone who
expects a futures price to decline would sell futures contracts in the
hope of later being able to buy back identical and offsetting contracts
at a lower price. The practice of selling futures contracts in
anticipation of lower prices is known as ``going short.''
One of the attractive features of futures trading is that it is
equally easy to profit from declining prices (by selling) as it is to
profit from rising prices (by buying).
Floor Traders
Floor traders, or locals, who buy and sell for their own accounts
on the trading floors of the exchanges, play an important role as
futures market participants. Like specialists and market makers at
securities exchanges, they help to provide market liquidity. If there
is not a hedger or speculator who is immediately willing to take the
other side of an order at or near the going price, there may be a floor
trader who
[[Page 48615]]
will do so, in the hope of being able to make an offsetting trade at a
small profit minutes or even seconds later. In the grain markets, for
example, there is frequently only one-fourth of a cent per bushel
difference between the prices at which a floor trader buys and sells.
Floor traders create more liquid and competitive markets. However,
it should be noted that unlike market makers or specialists, floor
traders are not obligated to maintain a liquid market or to take the
opposite side of customer orders.
Current Perspective on the Industry
U.S. Commodity Exchanges
There are 11 commodity exchanges in the United States, located in
six cities. These self-regulatory organizations are responsible,
subject to CFTC oversight, for the operation of the exchange and the
business conduct and financial responsibility of their member firms.
History
As the economy of the United States expanded during the early part
of the nineteenth century, the commodity exchanges evolved from
unorganized club-like associations into formalized exchanges. In 1848,
the first formal exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade, was established
with 82 members. And on March 13, 1851, the first contract was traded
on this exchange, encouraged by the trading standards, inspections
system, and weighing system prescribed by the board members.
Trading on the Chicago Board of Trade was considerable, and by 1870
futures trading also began on the New York Produce Exchange and the New
York Cotton Exchange. By 1885, the New York Coffee Exchange was
actively trading futures contracts. Since the second half of the
nineteenth century, the growth of these exchange institutions has been
steady and continuous-evolving into the 11 U.S. commodity exchanges,
designated as contract markets by the CFTC, that are used today.
The total volume of futures contract and option trading on all
exchanges in the United States now has a notional value of billions of
dollars per day. The commodity exchanges have become an indispensable
financial tool for the world's markets.
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P
[[Page 48616]]
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BILLING CODE 6351-01-C
[[Page 48617]]
Number of Registered Commodities Professionals
Companies and individuals who handle customer funds or give trading
advice must apply for registration through the National Futures
Association (NFA), a Congressionally authorized self-regulatory
organization subject to CFTC oversight.
The Commission regulates the activities of over 62,000 registrants:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number
Type of registered professional in 1997
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Associated Persons (Sales People)............................. 45,850
Commodity Pool Operators (CPOs)............................... 1,351
Commodity Trading Advisors (CTAs)............................. 2,606
Floor Brokers (FBs)........................................... 9,299
Floor Traders (FTs)........................................... 1,331
Futures Commission Merchants (FCMs)........................... 233
Introducing Brokers (IBs)..................................... 1,538
---------
Total................................................... 62,208
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Number of Contract Markets
Before an exchange may offer a contract for trading, the Commission
must review the terms and conditions of the proposed contract, as well
as subsequent rule amendments to the terms and conditions of the
contract, to ensure its economic viability. Improperly designed
contracts can increase the chance of cash, futures, or option market
disruptions and undermine the usefulness and efficiency of a market.
During fiscal 1996, the Commission designated 92 new futures and
option contracts, the highest number of new contracts in any single
fiscal year.
The Commission has seen the introduction of new and novel trading
instruments to handle a variety of financial risks, such as currencies,
inflation-indexed debt instruments, contracts based on various domestic
and foreign stock indices, as well as the risks inherent in the
agricultural sector of the economy. It is expected that this innovation
will continue as firms, companies, producers, processors, and others
turn to the commodity futures markets for hedge protection against
financial risk.
There are currently over 230 separate actively traded contracts on
the United States exchanges. This number has grown by 105% over the
number of contracts traded just a decade ago and is expected to reach
nearly 280 contracts by the year 1999.
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN16SE97.001
BILLING CODE 6351-01-C
Volume of Trading
Volume of trading is measured in number of contracts traded. The
volume of trading on the U.S. exchanges has risen nearly 130% in the
decade since 1986.
During FY 1996, there were 494,502,868 futures and option contracts
traded. Volume is expected to rise to over 579 million contracts in FY
1999.
[[Page 48618]]
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BILLING CODE 6351-01-C
Managed Funds
Investment management professionals have been using managed futures
for more than 20 years. Recently, there has been a surge in pooled and
managed money and an increasingly large segment of the population has
money invested in the futures markets, either directly or indirectly,
through pension funds or ownership of shares in publicly held companies
that participate in the markets. Institutional investors such as
corporate and public pension funds, insurance companies, and banks are
increasingly using managed futures to diversify their portfolios.
Over the last decade, from 1986 through 1996, the amounts of money
under management has grown exponentially from less than $2 billion to
nearly $26 billion.
[[Page 48619]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN16SE97.003
BILLING CODE 6351-01-C
Over the past 15 years, the profile of the typical commodity pool
has changed significantly. Fifteen years ago, commodity pools were
offered with the expectation that maximum contributions would be $1
million. Most pools were single-advisor pools, with the CPO acting as
CTA for the pool. Pools were designed for speculative trading, and
there were no ``principal-protected'' pools, tiered pools, or
dynamically managed pools.
Today, the pool universe is comprised of:
<bullet> Single and multiple advisor pools;
<bullet> Multi-media pools-that is, pools that invest in securities
and futures as well as other investments, including ``hot issues'' of
U.S. securities, off-exchange instruments, and international markets;
<bullet> Pools which use leverage and isolate particular forms of
return, such as the mortgage pre-payment option;
<bullet> Principal-protected pools; and
<bullet> Pools which invest in other pools.
Strategic Goals and Objectives
The mission of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission is
accomplished through three strategic goals, each focusing on a vital
area of regulatory responsibility. The goals are highlighted here, and
defined in terms of outcome objectives and related activities on the
charts which follow.
Goal One--The Marketplace
Protect the economic functions of the commodity futures and option
markets.
The focus of this goal is the marketplace. If the United States
commodity futures markets are protected from and free of abusive
practices and influences, they will better operate to fulfill their
vital role in our market economy and the global economy-accurately
reflecting the forces of supply and demand and serving market users by
fulfilling an economic need.
Goal Two--The Market Users
Protect market users and the public.
The focus of the second goal is protection of the firms and
individuals--market users--who come to the marketplace to fulfill their
business and trading needs. Market users must be protected from
possible wrongdoing on the part of the firms and commodity
professionals with whom they deal to access the marketplace, and they
must be assured that the marketplace is free of fraud, manipulation,
and abusive trading practices.
Goal Three--The Environment
Foster open, competitive, and financially sound markets.
The third goal focuses on several important outcomes--effective
industry self-regulation, firms and financial intermediaries with sound
business, financial, and sales practices, and responsive and flexible
regulatory oversight.
Summaries of Outcome Objectives and Activities--Goal #1
Goal #1: Protect the economic junctions of the commodity futures and
option markets.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outcome objective Activity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foster futures and option 1. Collect and analyze daily U.S.
markets that accurately futures and options data for all
reflect the forces of supply actively trading contracts to detect
and demand for the underlying congestion and/or price distortion and
commodity and are free of respond quickly to potentially
disruptive activity. disruptive situations.
[[Page 48620]]
2. Monitor the markets to determine how
conditions and factors observed may
impact individual registrants or the
markets in general (e.g., price
volatility, supply conditions,
activities of affiliated companies of
registrants, over-the-counter
derivatives trading, manipulative or
fraudulent practices, etc.), to deter
potentially negative situations and to
take appropriate action.
3. Conduct timely review of contract
market designation applications and
changes to applications to determine if
they are economically viable and do not
pose a likelihood of disruption in the
cash, futures, and option markets.
4. Conduct weekly market surveillance
meetings of the Commission to analyze
market information, to discuss
potentially disruptive situations and
conditions, and to respond quickly to
market crises.
5. Respond to market emergencies and
disruptive activities swiftly and
effectively.
6. Maintain a current understanding of
market functions and developments
through research.
7. Identify possible manipulation and
other abusive trading practices for
investigation and possible enforcement
or criminal action.
8. Investigate possible manipulation and
other abusive trading practices.
9. Institute enforcement cases
concerning manipulation and other
abusive trading practices.
10. Sanction violators.
2. Oversee markets which can 1. Conduct timely review of contract
be used effectively by market designation applications, and
producers, processors, changes to applications, to determine
financial institutions, and if they are economically viable and do
other firms for the purposes not increase the likelihood of
of price discovery and risk disruption in the cash, futures, and
shifting. option markets.
2. Participate in the President's
Working Group on Financial Markets to
ensure coordination of information and
efforts among U.S. financial
regulators.
3. Maintain a current understanding of
market functions and developments
through research.
4. Provide materials and information on
the functions and utility of the
markets to the public through public
Commission meetings, through public
roundtables, advisory committee
meetings, symposia, U.S. Department of
Agriculture publications, press
releases, advisories, etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summaries of Outcome Objectives and Activities--Goal #2
[Goal #2: Protect market users and the public.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outcome objective Activity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Promote compliance with and 1. Identify and investigate possible
deter violations of federal fraudulent and other illegal activities
commodities laws. relating to the commodity futures and
option markets and their registrants.
2. Bring injunctive actions, including
using ``quick-strike'' efforts to
protect assets and to stop egregious
conduct.
3. Bring administrative cases involving
manipulation, fraud, and other
violations.
4. Hear administrative cases.
5. Sanction violators.
6. Inform the public and the industry
concerning allegations of wrongdoing
and associated legal actions, including
through publications and through
Commission orders and reports
describing the alleged violations and
the Commission's legal and policy
analysis.
7. Collect sanctions and civil monetary
penalties against violators.
8. Cooperate with the exchanges, the
National Futures Association, other
federal agencies, state governments and
law enforcement entities, and foreign
authorities to gain information for law
enforcement purposes and to provide
enforcement assistance as necessary and
appropriate.
9. Monitor the Internet and other
communication media for fraudulent
<radical> <radical> <radical>activities
and other possible violations of the
Act.
10. Resolve appeals in administrative
enforcement matters and self-regulatory
organization adjudicatory actions.
2. Require commodities 1. Oversee the National Futures
professionals to meet high Association registration program.
stand- ards.
2. Require testing, licensing, and
ethics training for commodities
professionals.
3. Maintain regulations and oversight to
ensure the effective use of disclosure
documents by commodities professionals.
4. Investigate and bring administrative
registration cases arising out of
alleged statutory disqualification and
obtain suspensions, revocations,
conditions, or restrictions of
registration.
[[Page 48621]]
3. Provide a forum for 1. Provide a reparations program for
effectively and expeditiously commodities market users to make claims
handling customer complaints relating to violations of the Act.
against persons or firms
registered under the Act.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summaries of Outcome Objectives & Activities--Goal #3
[Goal #3: Foster open, competitive, and financially sound markets.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outcome objective Activity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Ensure sound financial 1. Promulgate regulations to ensure
practices of clearing sound business, financial, and sales
organizations and firms practices in firms participating in the
holding customer funds. commodities industry.
2. Review and oversee self-regulatory
organization audit and financial
practices.
3. Identify possible financial,
capitalization, segregation, and
supervision violations for
investigation and possible prosecution.
4. Investigate possible financial,
capitalization, segregation, and
supervision violations.
5. Bring cases concerning financial,
capitalization, segregation, and
supervision violations.
6. Sanction violators.
2. Promote and enhance 1. Ensure effective self-regulatory
effective self-regulation of organization enforcement programs.
the commodity futures and 2. Review and approve self-regulatory
option markets. organization rules and rule amendments.
3. Conduct rule enforcement reviews of
self-regulatory organizations
(financial practices, sales practices,
trade practices, and audit trail).
4. Review and oversee self-regulatory
organization audit and financial
practices.
5. Review adequacy of self-regulatory
organization disciplinary actions.
6. Conduct direct audits of clearing
organizations and firms handling
customer money to ensure compliance
with capitalization and segregation
rules.
7. Promulgate regulations to ensure
effective self-regulation by exchanges,
clearing organizations, and registered
futures associations.
3. Facilitate the continued 1. Coordinate and cooperate with global
development of an effective, financial services regulators to share
flexible regulatory vital information and develop
environment responsive to appropriate global standards in the
evolving market conditions. commodities industry as markets emerge
and evolve.
2. Participate in the International
Organization of Securities Commissions
and represent the Commission at
international meetingsconcerning
commodity regulation.
3. Participate in the President's
Working Group on Financial Markets to
ensure coordination of information and
efforts among U.S. financial
regulators.
4.Provide exemptive, interpretive, or
other relief as appropriate to foster
the development of innovative
transactions, trading systems, and
similar arrangements.
4. Promote markets free of 1. Identify possible trade practice
trade practice abuses. violations for investigation and
possible enforcement proceedings.
2. Investigate possible trade practice
violations.
3. Bring cases concerning trade practice
violations.
4. Bring enforcement proceedings against
violators.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achieving The Goals: Strategies to Mission Performance--1997-2002
The Environment
The environment in which the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
operates and works is dynamic. Futures and option markets are fluid.
New products, as well as changes in terms and conditions of existing
contracts, are common. Increasing globalization of the financial
markets also presents challenges and opportunities to the agency's
mission performance.
Accomplishing our mission will require a commitment continually to
assess the external and internal issues and trends that may affect our
mission and the way in which we must respond to meet it successfully.
Evaluating and adjusting our plan will ensure that potential problems
or weaknesses are managed before they develop into crises.
The Strategies
To fulfill our commitment, we must develop and employ various
strategies which focus on achieving results. These strategies will
define the basis for developing policies, making decisions, taking
actions, allocating resources and defining program direction. They will
clarify why the organization exists, what it does, and why it does it--
providing a bridge to understanding how we connect to our environment.
Achieving The Goals: External Challenges--1997-2002
The Challenges
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission faces challenges external
to the organization which may significantly alter its ability to meet
its goals, its outcome objectives, and even its mission, depending on
the weight of their influence and the timing of their occurrence.
We have identified ten such factors that may impact strategic
planning at the CFTC.
The volume of trading in futures and commodity options--which is
influenced, in turn, by external economic factors such as interest rate
[[Page 48622]]
volatility, commodity price volatility in general, and events and
conditions specific to individual commodity markets.
The number and sophistication of market users--including the
increasing number of institutional users trading as fiduciaries.
The variety of markets traded--in recent years, the CFTC has
designated futures and option markets on a wide range of commodities,
instruments, and indices. These have included: dairy products, such as
milk and cheese; various energy products including: electricity;
various currency and cross-currencies; inflation-indexed U.S. Treasury
bonds; foreign interest rates; boneless beef; pollution rights; crop
yields; and a wide range of foreign and domestic stock indices.
The growing use of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives--such use may
increase exchange trading volume as dealers in such OTC instruments
attempt to hedge their resulting risk exposures. Often it also requires
analysis of such OTC instruments for purposes of determining the
appropriate regulatory framework.
Structural changes in the financial services industry--such as the
diversification into overseas markets, and the convergence of the
securities, commodities, insurance, and banking industries.
Events that destabilize the commodity markets--such as the 1987
stock market break, the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank, and the copper
market events precipitated by the Sumitomo Corporation in 1996.
The globalization of financial markets--broadening the needs for
market surveillance, analysis of intermarket relationships, cross-
border enforcement efforts, and cooperation and information sharing
with foreign authorities.
The effect of federal laws and policies--on the U.S. economy, such
as the deregulation of the energy industry and changes in farm subsidy
policies, spawning change and innovation such as new types of crop
insurance.
The advancement in technology--which continues to introduce
challenges in many areas-alternatives to the ``open-outcry'' method of
trading commodity futures on the exchange floor, enhanced methods for
timing and tracking trading transactions, on-line filing of financial
information by market users, electronic marketing and trading of
financial and risk-hedging products, and trading commodity futures and
options on a global, 24-hour real-time basis.
The standards, resources, and priorities of other organizations and
jurisdictions--such as self-regulatory organizations, other federal and
state law enforcement agencies, and foreign authorities.
The Strategies
Develop a Responsive and Flexible Regulatory Posture--It is not
possible to predict which external influences ultimately will affect
the commodity futures and option industry over the next five years.
However, certain trends observed in the past few years are likely to
continue. In order to fulfill its goal of being a flexible and
responsive regulatory body, the Commission must develop strategies to
ensure that the appropriate reactions and responses to these trends are
developed.
Innovation
<bullet> Respond to innovation through the timely review of new and
novel trading instruments.
<bullet> Develop a capability of understanding the underlying
economic effects and benefits of new product development, new markets,
and new complex trading mechanisms.
Globalization
<bullet> Maintain watchful surveillance activities to monitor
systemic risk of expanding markets, intermarket linkages, and cross-
border trading systems.
<bullet> Foster and sustain strong relationships with foreign
authorities to ensure rapid communication and responsive actions in the
event of global financial uncertainty.
<bullet> Participate in international efforts to standardize world-
wide market surveillance and information sharing practices.
Competitiveness
<bullet> Consider refinements to the regulatory framework to take
into account the growing use of over-the-counter derivatives.
<bullet> Respond to structural changes in the financial services
industry to ensure a level playing field as the commodities,
securities, and banking industries become more integrated.
Dynamic Economic Forces
<bullet> Monitor general economic events and trends in order to
understand dynamics affecting commodity futures and option trading.
<bullet> Respond to the changing needs of the U.S. agricultural
community resulting from the passage of the Federal Agricultural
Improvement Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 and the changes it will spawn in
this sector of the U.S. economy.
<bullet> Develop an automated market surveillance system capable of
collecting and assimilating data from option trading, as well as
commodity futures trading.
<bullet> Respond rapidly and effectively to destabilizing events,
either in the United States markets or in the global marketplace, to
ensure the protection of U.S. interests and customers.
<bullet> Monitor the increasing volume of the public's funds
invested either directly or indirectly through commodity pools.
Advancing Technology
<bullet> Develop capability of overseeing rapidly evolving
technological changes and innovations influencing the markets--
electronic trading mechanisms, increasingly linked trading
relationships, real-time trading, electronic commerce, expansion of the
Internet and other advancements.
<bullet> Ensure that the Commission has state-of-the art computing
power to collect and analyze the increasing volume of data generated by
the commodity futures and option markets.
Develop and Sustain Vital Partnerships--Strong working
relationships with other organizations and jurisdictions involved not
only in commodity futures and option trading, but domestic and
international finance and law enforcement, increase the Commission's
ability to build knowledge and insight, share information, and
participate in developing standard practices and policies.
Federal and State
<bullet> A key relationship that ensures regulatory consistency
across the federal government is the Commission's participation in the
President's Working Group on Financial Markets. This critical forum for
coordination of regulation across financial markets brings together the
leaders of the federal financial regulatory agencies to consider issues
concerning risk assessment, capital requirements, internal controls,
disclosure, accounting, market practices relating to trading in
derivative instruments, bankruptcy law revisions, and contingency
planning for market emergencies.
<bullet> Another key federal liaison is with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Consistent with the mandate of the Act, the FAIR, CFTC
will work with USDA staff in a risk management education effort to
reach agricultural producers seeking risk management services or advice
to deal with the changes resulting from its passage.
[[Page 48623]]
<bullet> Commission staff works through various established
intergovernmental partnerships to share information and to consult on
issues of importance both to the Commission and to other financial
regulators. Some meetings are recurring, such as biweekly conference
calls and quarterly meetings held among the CFTC, the Securities and
Exchange Commission, the Department of the Treasury, the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the New York Federal Reserve
Bank and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Others are
occasional as needed, but nonetheless valuable, such as those with the
Department of Energy, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department
of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics on other matters.
<bullet> The working relationships with other federal law
enforcement entities are also fundamental to an effective law
enforcement effort. The Commission coordinates its enforcement efforts
with agencies such as the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and
Exchange Commission and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
The CFTC is also represented on several interagency task forces
designed to keep participants abreast of new developments in financial
crimes and to coordinate the government's response.
<bullet> Enforcement efforts are coordinated with state authorities
as well, including state commissions responsible for the regulation of
corporations, securities, insurance, and banking.
Self-Regulatory
The National Futures Association (NFA) has been granted
registration by the Commission as a futures association with specific
self-regulatory responsibilities under the Commodity Exchange Act. The
NFA has existed since 1982 and works in partnership with the Commission
to assure high standards for industry professionals. The Commission
works closely with the NFA in a variety of areas to augment scarce
government resources--registration, ethics training for industry
professionals, the review of disclosure documents, and issues
concerning statutory disqualification of registrants.
International
<bullet> In the past several years, the Commission has cooperated
with a large number of foreign regulatory authorities through formal
memoranda of understanding (MOUs) and other arrangements to combat
cross-border fraudulent and other prohibited practices that could harm
customers or threaten market integrity. Cross-border information
sharing among market regulators forms the linchpin of effective
surveillance of global markets linked by products, participants, and
information technology. The Commission currently has 18 formal
arrangements for the sharing of information on enforcement matters,
three arrangements related to financial information sharing, and nine
cooperative arrangements for the sharing of information on matters
related to foreign firms and exemptions from certain CFTC rules and one
letter relating to the use of foreign settlement banks.
<bullet> A key partnership in our efforts to remain abreast of
global financial issues is our membership in the International
Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), an organization of more
than 120 members from over 75 countries. IOSCO's main purposes are to
provide machinery for exchanging information and expertise between
regulatory authorities for the supervision of world securities and
derivatives markets, to establish standards of best practice, to ensure
market integrity, and to promote effective supervision and enforcement.
IOSCO deals with issues affecting both developed and emerging markets.
Advisory
The Commission sponsors three advisory committees that facilitate a
dialogue between the CFTC and three key groups of interested persons--
the American agricultural community, the financial community, and the
states.
<bullet> The Agricultural Advisory Committee (AAC) represents a
vital link between the Commission, which regulates agricultural futures
and option markets, and the agricultural community, which depends on
those markets for hedging and price discovery. The AAC's 25 member
organizations represent a major portion of the American agricultural
community. For the last 14 years, the AAC's twice yearly meetings have
fostered an ongoing dialogue between that community and the Commission.
<bullet> The Financial Products Advisory Committee provides a means
of receiving invaluable information and obtaining advice and
recommendations on issues related to financial markets. In this regard,
the Committee has served as a channel for communicating to the
Commission diverse viewpoints within the financial community, including
the views of broker-dealers, pension fund sponsors, investment
companies, futures commission merchants, commodity pool operators, and
commodity trading advisors. The Committee has also served a conduit for
the views of federal financial market oversight agencies, futures
exchanges, and accounting firms.
<bullet> The CFTC-State Cooperation Advisory Committee (CSCAC)
continues to play a highly productive role in facilitating the
cooperation between federal and state regulatory authorities. In the
context of diverse state laws and enforcement authorities, it provides
a forum for the Commission to solicit the advice and recommendations of
knowledgeable state officials in efforts to protect investors from
fraud and secure the integrity of futures markets. Similarly, it helps
the various state regulators learn about changes to federal laws and
regulations as well as federal enforcement activities. This facilitates
the exchange of information and the coordination of policies and
enforcement efforts among the CFTC, the SEC, and the Department of
Justice. Some of the issues addressed in recent years include:
--misleading advertising in the broadcast media;
--bank-financed precious metal investing;
--commodity pool operations; and,
--public availability of disciplinary actions in the futures industry.
CSCAC's membership includes representatives of federal and state
law enforcement agencies, futures industry associations, and private
futures brokerage firms.
Achieving the Goals: Internal Challenges--1997-2002
The Challenges
Many of the internal challenges identified may not be unique to the
CFTC, but nonetheless are possible barriers to success which must be
analyzed and met in order to succeed in its mission.
Diminishing Resources--with a declining pool of budgetary resources
slated for domestic discretionary programs, every federal entity faces
the same task of streamlining the way it operates. The Commission will
continue to review its requirements and program initiatives to ensure
that its fiscal perspective is sound. It must also continue to seek
ways of improving performance, delegating responsibilities, and
becoming more efficient.
Recruitment and Retention of Qualified Professionals--nearly 80% of
the staff of the CFTC falls into four categories of professional
employment: law, economics, financial audit, and futures trading. The
complexity of the work at the Commission demands highly skilled
workers, many with
[[Page 48624]]
advanced educational degrees. Competition for these individuals has
always been keen, and there is no indication that this challenge will
abate. Indeed, the Commission is the only federal financial regulator
which does not have the authority to pay professionals at premium pay
levels.
In some instances, as with lawyers and economists, the Commission
has experienced the effects of a ``brain drain,'' when highly talented
and skilled employees are hired away from the CFTC by other federal
financial regulators who can offer premiums.
Potential for Significant Numbers of Retirements--the CFTC is in
its 23rd year of operation. Many of the employees who started with the
Commission in its early days are approaching retirement age. Over 12%
of CFTC's on-board staff will become eligible for retirement in the
next five years. This level of turnover will require significant levels
of recruitment and training, particularly to fill behind the loss of so
much ``institutional memory.''
Another challenge associated with a significant turnover in staff
is the question of reengineering. Allocation of staff resources in the
future needs to be considered in light of changes in the organization's
tasks and responsibilities.
Remaining Abreast of Current Technology--perhaps more so than many
other federal agencies, the Commission is dependent on a significant
level of advanced technology to manage the volume and complexity of
financial information we collect and analyze. Data are voluminous,
require timely handling, and must be thoroughly analyzed for anomalies
in trading patterns, relationships, and strategies.
Over the years, the Commission has developed and maintained an
impressive technological infrastructure and has employed automation
when feasible to enhance its work product and to enhance productivity
in light of a static level of staffing.
The sophisticated market surveillance and market analysis the
Commission performs are accomplished through the use of databases and
econometric modeling. Fact patterns for enforcement investigations are
supported by computer programs, and many other responsibilities could
not be accomplished without the significant level of information
technology at the CFTC. The need for this level of support will
increase over the coming five years as technology continues to evolve
and to offer new capabilities.
Commission staff must be knowledgeable as to current technologies
in order adequately to perform oversight of the exchanges as they
increase their use of technology. This technological trend has been
reflected in the increasing linkage of global markets and the
introduction of overnight trading capabilities by major U.S. exchanges
linked to foreign counterparts. Advances in technology will improve the
ability of the exchanges to handle their work electronically. The
Commission must be knowledgeable in these technologies to fulfill its
mission of fostering innovation and a flexible and responsive
regulatory environment.
Remaining Educated and Informed as Innovation Changes the
Industry--it has always been necessary for Commission staff to continue
to improve their knowledge of developing economic trends, new trading
instruments, trading strategies, and the interrelationship of markets,
domestically and internationally. Without such continued investment in
skill and information building, they may not be fully capable of
understanding the marketplace, the economic influences on it, and its
changing needs and uses. This level of skill and knowledge will need to
increase over the next five years as new markets emerge around the
world and market users seek new hedging strategies.
The Strategies
Strategies to Develop a Responsive Commission Culture--At the
center of the Commission's mission accomplishment are the core business
processes and responsibilities. Meeting these responsibilities and
performing them well provides an ongoing level of regulatory presence
and support to the industry and its users. These core business
processes are many and include: daily market surveillance, the
detection and prosecution of wrongdoing, contract market designation,
rule review, market research, and audits of industry firms.
To accomplish the day-to-day activities associated with these
processes, the Commission must maintain a positive culture within which
to work. Over the next five years, the following strategies will guide
us and help us meet the internal challenges we face.
Build a professional and highly trained staff--
<bullet> Set standards for the recruitment of qualified staff.
<bullet> Develop a recruitment and promotion strategy to build a
new professional base for filling behind the anticipated high level of
retirements in the next five years.
<bullet> Provide technical and advanced training to ensure that
CFTC staff skills keep pace with advances in the commodities industry
and permit promotion to higher levels of responsibility.
Build a strong technological infrastructure--
<bullet> Implement the Commission's Five-Year Automated Data
Processing (ADP) Plan. The plan establishes: the Commission's systems
development priorities; agency standards for various software
applications; policies and procedures related to support provided by
the Office of Information Resources Management (OIRM); and priorities
for acquisition and utilization of external databases and other
electronic information services.
<bullet> Sustain the Commission's End-User Advisory Group (EAG) to
gain broad input into planning and prioritizing technological
developments. The EAG provides: assistance and guidance to OIRM in the
development of the Five-Year ADP Plan; annual review and prioritization
of OIRM's systems development workload; establishment of Commission-
wide standards for the use of software applications and support
provided by OIRM; and priorities for acquisition and utilization of
databases and information services.
<bullet> Implement and refine the CFTC's automated Market
Surveillance System.
<bullet> Maintain and enhance expertise capable of overseeing the
technological advancements in the domestic and international markets.
<bullet> Review and replace hardware and software with current
technology to support Commission goals.
Reengineer business processes to streamline regulatory requirements
and to create internal efficiencies--
<bullet> Identify areas which may benefit from reengineering, to
create efficiencies for the regulated industry or for the CFTC's
internal processes.
Recent examples include: the implementation of ``fast-track''
procedures for processing certain contract designation applications and
rules-cutting in half the average period such contracts and rules are
pending with the Commission; streamlining of the risk disclosure
process; and streamlining the administrative opinions process to reduce
the backlog of pending cases.
Restructure organizationally to improve performance and respond to
changing mandates and trends--
<bullet> As warranted, reorganize the internal structure of the
Commission to strengthen program initiatives.
Recent examples include: the strengthening of the enforcement
[[Page 48625]]
program through a reorgani-zation, concentrated hiring and renewed
training efforts; and the establishment of an Office of International
Affairs to enhance the Commission's ability to meet the increasing
challenge of playing an active role in international initiatives.
Plan effectively to maximize the use of scarce budgetary
resources--
<bullet> Continually review resource requirements for operations
and program initiatives to ensure sound fiscal management and the
optimal allocation of resources to mission requirements.
<bullet> Enhance the capability of the financial management system
to aid in analyzing inputs and outputs in order to improve the
measurement of outcomes at the Commission.
<bullet> Make increasing use of the data flowing from our payroll/
personnel system in order to determine how we are using our most
significant resource-staff-years.
<bullet> Develop advanced planning skills to assure an emphasis on
results-oriented management.
Communicate accountability to CFTC managers and staff--
<bullet> Institute a new Performance Management System to create a
more effective and responsive communication tool for managers and
staff.
<bullet> Employ the Annual Performance Plan to improve the commu-
nication of specific goals and performance levels to staff to improve
performance.
<bullet> Provide training at all levels of the Commission so that
employees have the skills and current information to enable them to
perform at a high level.
Achieving and Measuring Performance
Achieving Performance
The Commission may measure the success of its performance through
four broad indicators:
<bullet> Markets free of disruption.
<bullet> Registered and fit market professionals and financial
intermediaries.
<bullet> Self-regulatory organizations with sound financial
practices and effective enforcement programs.
<bullet> Swift and aggressive investigation and prosecution of
wrongdoing, with sanctions and fines levied for the maximum remedial
and deterrent effect.
Measuring Performance: The Annual Performance Plan
On an annual basis, work of the Commission is directed through the
Annual Performance Plan (APP). The APP establishes a full set of
performance indicators and targets to ensure that day-to-day activities
are appropriately defined and measured. Activities are outlined by
performance indicators and performance targets for five years, FY 1998
through FY 2002.
Relating General Goals and Objectives to Performance Goals and Program
Evaluation
Program evaluation, or determining how well the performance targets
CFTC has established are being achieved, is necessary to measure the
effectiveness and efficiency of our work. Many program priority and
resource allocation decisions hinge on the knowledge of what is going
well and what is not. For the first three years of this plan, the
Commission will use methods and processes already in place to evaluate
how we are progressing on the implementation of the Strategic Plan and
the Annual Performance Plan.
Quarterly Objectives Review Process
The Quarterly Objectives reporting process provides executive
management with a review of program accomplishments for the fiscal
quarter just completed and program priorities for the current fiscal
quarter. Also included is a summary of performance statistics, a series
of output measures provided by program. This reporting process will be
evaluated to determine how it may be used as the method for reporting
on program progress toward meeting the goals, outcome objectives, and
activities in the Strategic Plan as well as a method for setting
overall priorities and allocating resources consistent with those
priorities.
Management Accounting Structure Code System
Information concerning the distribution of labor at the Commission
is captured through the financial reporting system called MASC--
Management Accounting Structure Code System. This input data, provided
by every employee on a bi-weekly schedule, reflects the hours they
dedicate to various Commission activities and projects. The information
is intended for use by agency program managers in their resource
management activities, as well as to provide a database for
documentation and support of the CFTC fee structure for such fee-
generating activities as the designation of contract markets for
trading on exchanges and rule enforcement reviews of the exchanges.
The MASC system will be reviewed with the goal of reengineering the
present system to conform to the activity structure defined by this
Strategic Plan. This evaluation will assess the current system's
utility as the primary method for capturing the distribution of labor
costs.
Status of Funds Reporting Process
The Status of Funds, a financial management reporting process,
executed from the Commission's automated financial management system
and presented to executive management, is the basis for periodic
reports of the agency's financial condition and usage of its chief
resource--staff-years. This process will be evaluated to determine how
it may best facilitate the reporting of resource usage under the new
framework of the Strategic Plan.
Stakeholders
The Commission's stakeholders-the public, the Congress, the
Administration, other federal departments and agencies, market users,
registrants, the exchanges, the National Futures Association, and
foreign authorities-are valuable resources which must be tapped to
provide critical feedback on Commission goals and priorities.
Understanding their perspectives will assist the Commission in
clarifying its mission and directing its resources. We will evaluate
how best to use these partnerships effectively.
Leadership
The outcome envisioned by the Government Performance and Results
Act is improved efficiency and effectiveness of federal programs
through the establishment of a system to set goals for program
performance and to measure the results.
As this planning and reporting process evolves, the Commission will
evaluate how best to provide the leadership and direction to integrate
program, cost, and budget information into a reporting framework that
allows for fuller consideration of resource allocations, operational
costs, and performance results.
Monitoring External and Internal Factors
The Commission will evaluate the most effective method to
continually review key factors, external and internal to the agency,
which may affect how it achieves its mission. This evaluation process
will ensure that the Commission anticipates future challenges and makes
adjustments to its goals, outcome objectives, and activities before
potential issues and problems escalate.
As part of this evaluation the Commission will continue its
refinement of vital systems such as the Market Surveillance System
which
[[Page 48626]]
provides invaluable front-line information on commodity futures and
option trading on a daily basis, and will look to defining other
systems that may provide assistance in anticipating issues and
directing resources.
Appendix
Understanding the Fundamentals of Commodity Futures and Options
What is a Futures Contract?
What is an Option Contract?
What is Price Discovery?
What is Daily Cash Settlement?
What is Leverage?
What is Margin?
Addresses of the Commodity Exchanges
Addresses of CFTC Offices
CFTC Team
Organizational Structure
Staffing
Occupations
Commission Concurrence
Publications and Information
Understanding the Fundamentals of Commodity Futures and Options
What Is a Futures Contract?
A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy and
sell in the future a specific quantify of a commodity at a specific
price. The buyer and seller of a futures contract agree now on a price
for a product to be delivered and/or paid for at a set time in the
future, know as the ``settlement date.'' Although actual delivery of
the commodity can take place in fulfillment of the contract, most
futures contracts are actually closed out or ``offset'' prior to
delivery.
What Is an Option Contract?
An option on a commodity futures contract is an agreement between
two parties which gives the buyer, who pays a market determined price
known as a ``premium,'' the right (but not the obligation), within a
specific time period, to exercise his option. Exercise of the option
will result in the person being deemed to have entered into a futures
contract at a specified price known as the ``strike price.'' In some
cases, an option may confer the right to buy or sell the underlying
asset directly, and these options are known as options on the physical
asset.
What Is Delivery vs. Cash Settlement?
There are two types of futures contracts, those that provide for
physical delivery of a commodity or other item and those which call for
cash settlement. The month during which delivery or settlement is to
occur is specified in the contract. Thus, a July futures contract is
one providing for delivery or settlement in July.
It should be noted that even in the case of deliverable futures
contracts, very few actually result in delivery. Not many speculators
have the desire to take or make delivery of, for example, 5,000 bushels
of wheat, or 112,000 pounds of sugar, or even one million dollars worth
of U.S. Treasury bills. Rather, the vast majority of speculators in
futures markets choose to realize their monetary gains or losses by
buying or selling offsetting futures contracts prior to the delivery
date.
Selling a contract that was previously purchased liquidates a
futures position. Similarly, a futures contract that was initially sold
can be liquidated by an offsetting purchase. In either case, gain or
loss is the difference between the buying price and the selling price.
Even hedgers generally do not make or take delivery. Most find it
more convenient to liquidate their futures positions and (if they
realize a gain) use the money to offset whatever adverse price change
has occurred in the cash market.
What Is Price Discovery?
Futures prices increase and decrease largely because of the myriad
factors that influence buyers' and sellers' judgments about what a
particular commodity will be worth at a given time in the future
(anywhere from less than a month to more than two years).
As new supply and demand developments occur, and as new and more
current information becomes available, these judgments are reassessed,
and the price of a particular futures contract may be bid upward or
downward. The process of reassessment-price discovery-is continuous.
Thus, in January, the price of a July futures contract would
reflect the consensus of buyers and sellers at that time as to what the
value of a commodity or item will be when the contract expires in July.
On any given day, with the arrival of new or more accurate information,
the price of the July futures contract might increase or decrease in
response to changing conditions and expectations.
Competitive price discovery is a major economic function and
benefit of futures trading. The trading floor of a futures exchange is
where available information about the future value of a commodity or
item is translated into price. In summary, futures prices are an ever-
changing barometer of supply and demand and in a dynamic market, the
only certainty is that prices will change.
What Is Daily Cash Settlement?
Once a closing bell signals the end of a day's trading, the
exchange's clearing organization matches each purchase made that day
with the corresponding sale and tallies each member firm's gains or
losses based on that day's price changes--a massive undertaking
considering that well over one million futures contracts are bought and
sold on an average day. Each firm, in turn, calculates the gains and
losses for each of its customers having futures contracts.
Gains and losses on futures contracts are not only calculated on a
daily basis, but they are also credited and debited on a daily basis.
This process is known as a daily cash settlement and is an important
feature of futures trading. It is also the reason a customer who incurs
a loss on a futures position may be called to deposit additional funds
into his account--a margin call.
What Is Leverage?
To say that gains and losses in futures trading are the result of
price changes is an accurate explanation, but by no means a complete
explanation. Perhaps more so than in any other form of speculation or
investment, gains and losses in futures trading are highly leveraged.
An understanding of leverage is crucial to an understanding of futures
trading.
The leverage of futures trading stems from the fact that only a
relatively small amount of money (known as initial margin) is required
to buy or sell a futures contract. On a particular day, a margin
deposit of only $1,000 might enable you to buy or sell a futures
contract covering $25,000 worth of soybeans. Or for $20,000 you might
be able to purchase a futures contract covering an index of common
stocks valued at $200,000. The smaller the margin in relation to the
underlying value of the futures contract, the greater the leverage.
If you speculate in futures contracts and the price moves in the
direction you anticipated, high leverage can produce large profits in
relation to your initial margin. Conversely, if prices move in the
opposite direction, high leverage can produce large losses in relation
to your initial margin.
What Is Margin?
The margin required to buy or sell a futures contract is a deposit
of good faith money that can be drawn on by your brokerage firm to
cover losses that you may incur in the course of futures trading. It is
similar to money held in an escrow account.
[[Page 48627]]
Minimum margin requirements for a particular time are set by the
exchange on which the contract is traded. They are typically about 5%
of the current value of the commodity or asset underlying the futures
contract. Exchanges continuously monitor market conditions and risks
and, as necessary, raise or reduce their margin requirements.
Individual brokerage firms may require higher margin amounts from
customers than the exchange-set minimums.
Addresses of the Commodity Exchanges & Designated Self-Regulatory
Organizations
Chicago
Chicago Board of Trade, 141 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 30 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60606
MidAmerica Commodity Exchange, 141 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL
60604
Kansas City
Kansas City Board of Trade, 4800 Main Street, Kansas City, MO 64112
Minneapolis
Minneapolis Grain Exchange, 400 South Fourth Street, Minneapolis, MN
55415
Philadelphia
Philadelphia Board of Trade, 1900 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103
New York
AMEX Commodities Corporation, 86 Trinity Place, New York, NY 10006
Coffee, Sugar & Cocoa Exchange, Inc., Four World Trade Center, New
York, NY 10048
New York Cotton Exchange, Four World Trade Center, New York, NY 10048
New York Futures Exchange, Four World Trade Center, New York, NY 10048
New York Mercantile Exchange, One Northend Avenue, World Financial
Center, New York, NY 10282
COMEX Division
NYMEX Division
Registered Futures Association
National Futures Association, 200 West Madison Street, Suite 1600,
Chicago, IL 60606
CFTC Offices
Headquarters, Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20581, Telephone: 202-418-5000
Eastern Regional Office, One World Trade Center, Suite 3747, New York,
NY 10048, Telephone: 212-466-2061
Central Regional Office, 300 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 1600 North,
Chicago, IL 60606, Telephone: 312-353-5990
Southwestern Regional Office, 4900 Main Street, Suite 721, Kansas City,
MO 64112, Telephone: 816-931-7600
Sub-Office, 510 Grain Exchange Building, Minneapolis, MN 55415,
Telephone: 612-370-3255
Western Regional Office, Murdock Plaza, 10900 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite
400, Los Angeles, CA 90024, Telephone: 310-235-6783
CFTC Team
Organizational Structure
Based in Washington, D.C. the Commodity Futures Trading Commission
maintains regional offices in Chicago and New York, and has smaller
offices in Kansas City, Los Angeles, and Minneapolis. The CFTC consists
of five Commissioners, appointed by the President to serve staggered
five-year terms. One of the Commissioners is designated by the
President, with the consent of the Senate, to serve as Chairperson. No
more than three Commissioners at any one time may be from the same
political party.
The Chairperson oversees the management of the agency and its five
major organizational units:
<bullet> Division of Economic Analysis
<bullet> Division of Enforcement
<bullet> Division of Trading and Markets
<bullet> Office of the General Counsel
<bullet> Office of the Executive Director
Staffing
The Commission is requesting 621 full-time equivalent staff-years,
or FTEs, in FY 1999. A regional staffing distribution is shown below:
Washington, D.C. (DC)............................................ 370
Chicago, IL (CH)................................................. 131
New York, NY (NY)................................................ 90
Los Angeles, CA (LA)............................................. 21
Kansas City, MO (KC)............................................. 7
Minneapolis, MN (MN)............................................. 2
------
Total Staff Years.............................................. 621
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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN16SE97.004
BILLING CODE 6351-01-C
[[Page 48628]]
Occupations
The principal professional occupations at the Commission are
attorney, economist, futures trading specialist and investigator,
auditor and computer specialist. These professionals are assisted in
their work by a wide range of administrative and support personnel.\1\
\1\ Executives include Chairperson, Commissioners, and managers
in the Senior Executive Service. Other Professionals include
computer analysts, budget and finance professionals, human resource
specialists, and contracting officials.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN16SE97.005
Commission Concurrence
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Brooksley Born, Chairperson
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Joseph B. Dial, Commissioner
----------------------------------------------------------------------
John E. Tull, Jr., Commissioner
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Barbara Pedersen Holum, Commissioner
----------------------------------------------------------------------
David D. Spears, Commissioner
Publications and Information
For a list of other CFTC publications or for more information on
the CFTC, please visit the CFTC's home page on the World Wide Web. Our
address is http://www.cftc.gov.
Or contact the Office of Public Affairs, Commodity Futures Trading
Commission at: Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20581, (202) 418-5080.
[FR Doc. 97-24388 Filed 9-15-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P
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